Financial Literacy

While you may be aware that many workers have recently bid their full-time jobs goodbye for consulting, freelancing, or performing other short-term assignments, if you haven't heard the term "gig economy" used to describe this type of work, you're not alone. In fact, a recent survey revealed that 75 of workers had never heard of the "gig economy" even though some of these workers were participating in this economy themselves by working as independent contractors.

This week you’ll learn more about the gig economy: who's participating, who's benefiting, and how stringing together a series of gigs can dramatically differ from heading into the office every day for your 9-to-5 shift.

What types of workers are participating in the gig economy?

The gig economy comprises a wide variety of sectors, from private taxi services like Uber and Lyft to vacation rental companies like Airbnb, peer-to-peer sales sites like Etsy and eBay, and "shared economy" platforms like Freelancer and Upwork. In addition to companies that specialize in gig work, many larger businesses are moving away from the employer-employee model and hiring consultants or contractors to work in once-salaried positions.

As a result, gig workers can include everything from freelance writers to software engineers, taxi drivers, interior designers, manual laborers or construction workers, and knitters, crafters, and music teachers.

What are some of the fundamental differences between gig work and full-time employment?

Some of the main differences between gig work and W2 jobs involve the legalities of the independent contractor arrangement.

Unlike traditional employers, gig businesses aren't required to pay payroll taxes (or withhold federal or state income taxes) for their workers. This practice leaves workers responsible for tracking their own tax liabilities and, in most cases, making periodic estimated tax payments on any income earned.

Independent contractors also aren't entitled to fringe benefits like employer-paid health insurance, paid sick or vacation days, 401(k) matches, or employee discounts.

How does the gig economy benefit businesses and workers?

For many, the rise of the gig economy can present a win-win situation for all involved. For companies that need certain tasks or services performed but whose volume or capacity needs can vary widely from day to day, having a large pool of independent contractors on standby to compete for these jobs is far cheaper than maintaining a staff of full-time employees.

Peer-to-peer networks can also provide consumers with the feeling that they're helping (or being helped by) a neighbor rather than spending their hard-earned money to merely pad a large corporation's bottom line.

On the worker side, gig work can provide flexibility and income transparency often not present with full-time working arrangements. Gig businesses have also provided an outlet for stay-at-home parents, new retirees, and college students to dip their toes into the wage-earning economy without taking on a 40-hour-a-week obligation.

If you've heard rumblings about the gig economy, you may be wondering exactly what that means - both for those who take part in it and for those who continue to work full-time jobs. 

What is the Gig Economy?

The term "gig economy" generally refers to working outside the stereotypical 9-to-5 routine of a typical job. This arrangement may seem unusual, but it is increasingly becoming normal for many workers. In fact, surveys estimate that more than one-third of all workers is a freelancer, consultant, or worker without regular hours or benefits. At least in theory, stringing together multiple short-term positions instead of a full-time job can offer more flexibility and freedom than a regular job.

Gig economy jobs all share common traits - they tend to lack benefits like health insurance or retirement contribution matching, social security and other taxes are not withheld from paychecks, and employers send a Form 1099 rather than W2 at the end of the year. As a result, gig workers need to be organized enough to keep careful track of their income, make quarterly tax payments, and find alternative arrangements for missing benefits like health insurance and retirement savings. 

Gig workers may also be responsible for marketing their services and finding new jobs. While some gigs may fall into an aspiring freelancer's lap, in most cases, you'll need to seek out this work and maintain relationships with clients or the businesses and organizations that hire you. This can be a shift for those accustomed to leaving the workplace behind at the end of the day.

Why is the Gig Economy Expanding?

Although there has always been a segment of the working population that has entered into short-term freelancing arrangements rather than entrepreneurship or traditional jobs, the gig economy really began to gain ground during and after the Great Recession of 2008. With jobs hard to come by and the cost of living continuing to rise, many workers began picking up what short-term positions they could, from pizza delivery driver to seasonal retail worker, to make ends meet.

Now, the job market is far more robust than it was a decade ago, but many who entered the gig economy then shown no sign of returning to a 9-to-5 working schedule. Others use the gig economy as a way to ease into retirement, spend part of their time as a stay-at-home parent, or even to supplement wages from a traditional job.

Whether you're considering taking on a new part-time gig on top of your day job or are ready to kiss the rat race goodbye and jump headfirst into the gig economy, you may be wondering about whether your expectations of your new job and role are realistic. Often, both the benefits and potential drawbacks of short-term or freelance work can be overstated by those who have had experiences that are outside the norm.

By reading from a wide range of self-employment resources before going full-bore into your next gig, you'll have a better idea of what to expect and how to prepare yourself. Read on to learn about the most common and widespread pros and cons of working in the gig economy.

Pros of Gig Work

Self-employment can bring with it a number of benefits. Some of these include:

• You're Regularly Presented With New, Challenging Tasks. Studies have shown that maintaining a certain level of mental "strain" by tackling new tasks can keep your brain healthy. Unlike some jobs, which can become so routine you can nearly do them in your sleep, gig work will nearly always present you with new situations and challenges that force you to think on your feet, thereby keeping you sharp.

• You Can Work As Much - Or As Little - As You Want. Self-employment can provide you with a level of flexibility that's simply not found in full-time or W2 employment. Even fairly lenient jobs that offer weeks of paid vacation or personal time every year won't let you dictate your working hours and workload the way independent contracting arrangements do. For many, this flexibility is highly valued. Whether you need to hit a certain financial target for the next few months to fund a family vacation or would like to step back and take a few weeks off while recovering from a serious illness or medical procedure, freelancing and self-employment can help you make it happen without requiring pre-approval to drop off the radar.

• You Can Give Yourself Raises. Whether it's pricing out a particularly difficult customer to avoid having to deal with follow-up requests or simply raising your per-hour or per-job rate, you'll have the unique opportunity to give yourself a raise whenever you deem it appropriate.

Cons of Gig Work

While these benefits of freelance work are valuable ones, there are some potential drawbacks that can affect a wide swath of self-employed individuals as well. These "cons" include:

• No Health Insurance or Fringe Benefits. Although the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has presented workers with the opportunity to buy health insurance through their state or federal exchanges rather than relying on employer-paid insurance, for many, the insurance policies available through the ACA remain unaffordable. Investigating your healthcare and insurance options before pursuing full-time gig work is crucial to assessing your own needs.

• No Work = No Pay. Even if you tend not to use your former employer's sick or vacation days to take much time off work, giving up the prospect of paid time off in lieu of freelancing can sometimes present a financial challenge. If you're unable to work for a few weeks, or if work dries up during a slow time of year, you could find yourself without an income.

Whether a gig job lifestyle is a choice or a trap depends on each person's financial goals and risk tolerance.

For Gig Economy workers, the key to a stress-free April 15th is to stay on top of income and estimated taxes throughout the year. If you don't, you'll owe penalties in addition to the tax you should have paid.

Traditional workers receiving a W2 may look forward to a hefty federal income tax refund every spring. As recently as 2015, nearly 80 percent of taxpayers got an income tax refund, and the average amount received back from the IRS was about $2,800.

On the other hand, those who are self-employed and don't make quarterly estimated tax payments can find themselves on the hook for both taxes and penalties. And if you fail to report income and are caught, you could face bigger bills and even jail time.

What taxes are assessed on self-employment income?

FICA Taxes - Employers are required to pay Social Security and Medicare taxes of 7.65 percent on all employee wages, while another 7.65 percent is deducted from the employee's gross pay.

However, employers who use independent contractors have no tax obligation toward these workers, and freelancers are required to shoulder the entire 15.3 percent tax burden on all gross wages.

Federal Income Taxes - Self-employed workers are also responsible for the full amount of federal income tax assessed on their adjusted gross income (AGI). Most employees fill out a W4 withholding form to tell their employer how much federal income tax to withhold from each paycheck and send to the IRS, but self-employed workers don't have that option.

Instead, self-employed taxpayers must make quarterly estimated tax payments on or before April 15, June 15, September 15, and January 15 of each tax year. The IRS provides a worksheet that allows you to calculate your estimated tax obligation, although those with irregular incomes (like most freelancers) may find it challenging to determine exactly how much they'll owe in taxes until after December 31.

Failure to pay estimated taxes or to pay the total tax bill owed by April 15 of the following year can lead to fines, fees, and penalties. These amounts are generally based on the total tax owed (and unpaid) for that year.

State and Local Income Taxes - Self-employed workers that live in states and counties that charge an income tax may also be responsible for making estimated tax payments on the same quarterly schedule and under the same basic framework as federal estimated taxes. However, not all states that charge income taxes require these periodic payments, so it can be worthwhile to research this in more depth to find out your obligations under state law.

How can freelance workers maintain tax compliance?

It is crucial to stay on top of your tax obligations - set aside income as it's earned to cover your estimated taxes and always send tax payments each quarter.

Currently, around one in three U.S. workers is classified as a "contingent worker," loosely defined as a worker who is employed outside the traditional W2 employer-employee arrangement. Contingent workers can include independent contractors, self-employed freelancers or consultants, or others whose working arrangements don't involve loyalty to or dependence upon a single employer.

A recent survey estimated that by the year 2020, around 40 percent of American workers will be taking part in a gig arrangement instead of full-time employment. With this predicted rapid rise in the gig economy, many are wondering: Is this sustainable? Or will the pendulum soon swing back toward full-time employment as the preferred arrangement for the majority of working Americans?

Read on to learn more about some of the factors that suggest the gig economy is likely to stick around, as well as some regulatory and economic changes that could affect the way gig workers do business.

What factors make the gig economy sustainable long-term?

The Great Recession drove many newly-unemployed individuals into more periodic, temporary gig work. From 2008 through 2012, the creation and rapid rise of companies like Uber, Airbnb, Lyft, and other businesses showed that more workers valued the flexibility these companies offered.

Today, the economy has significantly improved, boasting near-record low unemployment rates, but many workers have continued with their freelancing arrangements rather than moving back to full-time employment with a single company. This seemingly long-term shift is largely due to the gig economy's attractiveness on both the worker and consumer side.

Many consumers are tired of doing business with nameless, faceless corporate behemoths, and prefer to directly pay another person's wage rather than padding a company's bottom line. For workers, having transparent payment arrangements and being able to set your own schedule can be quite appealing.

Gig" businesses also tend to have exacting standards of quality, and when consumers know they can expect a certain experience every time, they're likely to remain loyal customers even amid pricing increases and other changes.

What societal shifts could compromise the way workers do business in the gig economy?

One reason many workers have transitioned to the gig economy from full-time employment is the wider availability of health insurance coverage that isn't tied to a specific employer. A repeal of the Affordable Care Act, or modifications to its provisions that operate to push insurers out of the market, could lead more workers to go back to full-time employment to maintain their health insurance.

Government regulations could also impact the way gig businesses operate. Companies like Uber and Lyft have been targeted by taxi unions, which are subject to stringent state and local rules that private taxi services aren't. Over time, gig businesses are likely to be more heavily regulated, which may change the type of working arrangements they can offer.

How can gig workers create security in their own jobs even amid economic uncertainty?

Gig workers value flexibility in their working arrangements, so should demonstrate the same level of flexibility when it comes to adapting to impending changes. Studies show the gig economy is likely here to stay, but like all industries, it's likely to go through many expansions and contractions over the coming decades.

Keeping up with changes in one's chosen line of work and developing various contingency plans in case a certain gig doesn't pan out can ensure workers remain marketable and enjoy some basic level of job security.

The first question anyone who is thinking of leaving their full-time job asks themselves is usually "How will I earn a living?" While taking part in the gig economy by working a series of short-term jobs or tasks can provide some workers with a higher salary than previously earned through full-time work, it's not a reliable income replacement for everyone.

Going into a gig with unrealistic expectations of your time investment or earning potential can lead to disappointing results. Read on to learn more about some of the personal financial opportunities the gig economy presents, as well as a few potential pitfalls you'll want to keep an eye out for.

What financial opportunities does the gig economy present?

Short-term or independent contractor positions can allow workers the flexibility to work on multiple jobs or projects at once. Many full-time employers require their employees to sign exclusivity or non-compete agreements, restricting their ability to seek outside employment, and those who put 40 hours a week or more into one job are unlikely to want to take on many other outside responsibilities in their limited free time.

In contrast, those working in the gig economy can put in as many hours as they need to achieve their financial goals--no more and no less. For some, this can mean taking on extra jobs to save for a specific purpose, like putting money into a vacation fund or paying for holiday gifts. For others, working a limited number of gigs may be a way to stay active in their career field without seeking out a 40-hour-per-week obligation.

What are some potential financial drawbacks?

While this flexibility presents nearly boundless opportunities, there are some other financial considerations you'll need to take into account, often related to services that were quietly performed by your prior employers.

Tax Issues

The U.S. Tax Code is complicated, and even those who regularly prepare and file their own taxes may find certain parts confusing. Unfortunately, those who transition from W2 to 1099 employment often find themselves struggling with tax issues.

A recent survey conducted by the National Association of the Self-Employed reported that a staggering 33 percent of respondents didn't realize they needed to file quarterly estimated tax payments on their self-employment income, while 40 percent of respondents confessed that they weren't setting aside money to pay this tax bill.

This lackadaisical approach to tax planning can have dire consequences. Failure to pay estimated taxes throughout the year can result in an underpayment penalty, and for those who aren't setting aside tax money, being hit with a giant tax bill on April 15 can be a quick path into high-interest debt. It's important to delve deeper into your required tax payment and recordkeeping requirements to ensure you don't end up in hot water with the IRS.

Budgeting Considerations

Most states have wage and hour laws that dictate the frequency with which employees must be paid, mandating weekly, biweekly, or bimonthly paychecks. However, these rules don't always apply to the self-employed, and you could find yourself being paid on an irregular or infrequent schedule.

Because of this, keeping a handle on your budget is crucial. Depending on your pay schedule, you may opt to pay all your monthly bills on the same day with the prior month's income or instead stagger your due dates to give yourself some breathing room.

The first question anyone who is thinking of leaving their full-time job asks themselves is usually "How will I earn a living?" While taking part in the gig economy by working a series of short-term jobs or tasks can provide some workers with a higher salary than previously earned through full-time work, it's not a reliable income replacement for everyone.

Going into a gig with unrealistic expectations of your time investment or earning potential can lead to disappointing results. Read on to learn more about some of the personal financial opportunities the gig economy presents, as well as a few potential pitfalls you'll want to keep an eye out for.

What financial opportunities does the gig economy present?

Short-term or independent contractor positions can allow workers the flexibility to work on multiple jobs or projects at once. Many full-time employers require their employees to sign exclusivity or non-compete agreements, restricting their ability to seek outside employment, and those who put 40 hours a week or more into one job are unlikely to want to take on many other outside responsibilities in their limited free time.

In contrast, those working in the gig economy can put in as many hours as they need to achieve their financial goals--no more and no less. For some, this can mean taking on extra jobs to save for a specific purpose, like putting money into a vacation fund or paying for holiday gifts. For others, working a limited number of gigs may be a way to stay active in their career field without seeking out a 40-hour-per-week obligation.

What are some potential financial drawbacks of participating in the gig economy?

While this flexibility presents nearly boundless opportunities, there are some other financial considerations you'll need to take into account, often related to services that were quietly performed by your prior employers.

Tax issues

The U.S. Tax Code is complicated, and even those who regularly prepare and file their own taxes may find certain parts confusing. Unfortunately, those who transition from W2 to 1099 employment often find themselves struggling with tax issues.

A recent survey conducted by the National Association of the Self-Employed reported that a staggering 33 percent of respondents didn't realize they needed to file quarterly estimated tax payments on their self-employment income, while 40 percent of respondents confessed that they weren't setting aside money to pay this tax bill.

This lackadaisical approach to tax planning can have dire consequences. Failure to pay estimated taxes throughout the year can result in an underpayment penalty, and for those who aren't setting aside tax money, being hit with a giant tax bill on April 15 can be a quick path into high-interest debt. It's important to delve deeper into your required tax payment and recordkeeping requirements to ensure you don't end up in hot water with the IRS.

Budgeting Considerations

Most states have wage and hour laws that dictate the frequency with which employees must be paid, mandating weekly, biweekly, or bimonthly paychecks. However, these rules don't always apply to the self-employed, and you could find yourself being paid on an irregular or infrequent schedule.

Because of this, keeping a handle on your budget is crucial. Depending on your pay schedule, you may opt to pay all your monthly bills on the same day with the prior month's income or instead stagger your due dates to give yourself some breathing room.